Best-selling author Cass R. Sunstein outlines the promise and limits of artificial intelligence

Imperfect Oracle is about the promise and limits of artificial intelligence. The promise is that in important ways AI is better than we are at making judgments. Its limits are evidenced by the fact that AI cannot always make accurate predictions—not today, not tomorrow, and not the day after, either.

Natural intelligence is a marvel, but human beings blunder because we are biased. We are biased in the sense that our judgments tend to go systematically wrong in predictable ways, like a scale that always shows people as heavier than they are, or like an archer who always misses the target to the right. Biases can lead us to buy products that do us no good or to make foolish investments. They can lead us to run unreasonable risks, and to refuse to run reasonable risks. They can shorten our lives. They can make us miserable.

Biases present one kind of problem; noise is another. People are noisy not in the sense that we are loud, though we might be, but in the sense that our judgments show unwanted variability. On Monday, we might make a very different judgment from the judgment we make on Friday. When we are sad, we might make a different judgment from the one we would make when we are happy. Bias and noise can produce exceedingly serious mistakes.

AI promises to avoid both bias and noise. For institutions that want to avoid mistakes it is now a great boon. AI will also help investors who want to make money and consumers who don’t want to buy products that they will end up hating. Still, the world is full of surprises, and AI cannot spoil those surprises because some of the most important forms of knowledge involve an appreciation of what we cannot know and why we cannot know it. Written in clear, jargon-free English and grounded in deep understanding, Imperfect Oracle provides a distinctly useful perspective on this complex debate.

"Cass Sunstein, the nation’s leading regulatory theorist, has written a masterpiece about the promises and pitfalls of artificial intelligence. Imperfect Oracle is a must-read for anyone who wants to develop an intelligent and informed perspective on this critically important topic—which should be everyone."—Richard L. Revesz, AnBryce Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus, New York University School of Law; Administrator, White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (2023–25)

"In this important book Cass Sunstein, who was 'present at the creation’ of the behavioral economics revolution, argues for a new revolution in human decision-making made possible by artificial intelligence. His arguments about the enormous upside for social good, the potential pitfalls, and how society should proceed are as thoughtful as one would expect in a book by one of the world’s leading thinkers. Anyone interested in how artificial intelligence can change our world–which is to say, everyone–should read this book."—Jens Ludwig, Edwin A. and Betty L. Bergman Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago

"Cass Sunstein offers a nuanced, level-headed examination of artificial intelligence's promises and limitations. Avoiding the hyperbolae common in other analyses that tend to lean towards either techno-utopianism or prophesies of imminent doom, Sunstein grounds his assessment in a deep understanding of human cognition, scientific principles and even constitutional law, avoiding technobabble and lending a fresh perspective to this timely issue."—Dr. Laura Gilbert, Director of Data Science, 10 Downing Street

"In Imperfect Oracle, Cass Sunstein applies behavioral economics and his characteristic clear-sightedness to the question of AI and decision-making, providing us with an accessible map of the places where AI can help us navigate our choices, as well as the critical junctions where we must choose our own path."—Michael A. Livermore, Class of 1957 Research Professor of Law, University of Virginia

"Imperfect Oracle brings into view the operative elements needed to approach [the topic of AI] clearly. It is a book worth reading and I plan to reread it as soon as I can."—Steve Gimbel, Free Inquiry

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